Definitions
- Atom - the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist.
- Element - each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e. the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
- Compound - a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.
- Reaction - a chemical process in which substances act mutually on each other and are changed into different substances, or one substance changes into other substances.
- Fireworks - a device containing gunpowder and other combustible chemicals which causes spectacular effects and explosions when ignited, used for display or in celebrations.
- Ion - an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
- Molecule - a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
- Ionic bond - Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely chargedions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the non-metal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
- Proton - a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.
- Neutron - a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
- Electron - a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
- Physical change - Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.
- Chemical change - Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of newchemical substances. At the molecular level, chemical change involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms. These changes arechemical: iron rusting (iron oxide forms)
- Indivisible - unable to be divided or separated.
- Isotope - each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
- Nucleus - the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass.
- Alkali metals - the metals of Group 1 on the periodic table
- Alkaline earth metals - the metals of Group 2 on the periodic table
- Atomic number - the number representing an element which corresponds with the number of protons within the nucleus
- Boiling - the phase transition of liquid vaporizing
- Boiling point - the temperature in which the substance starts to boil
- Combustion - an exothermic reaction between an oxidant and fuel with heat and often light
- Compound - a substance that is made up of two or more chemically bonded elements
- Conductor - material that allows electric flow more freely
- Energy - A system's ability to do work
- Gas - particles that fill their container though have no definite shape or volume
- Ionic bond - electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Metal - Chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals.
- Non-metal - an element which is not metallic
- Plasma - state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized
- Precipitate - formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid
- Quarks - elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter
- Solute - the part of the solution that is mixed into the solvent (NaCl in saline water)
- Subatomic particles - particles that are smaller than an atom; examples are protons, neutrons and electrons
- Substance - material with definite chemical composition
- Valence electron - the outermost electrons of an atom, which are located in electron shells